Leading with Strategic Thinking, Wiley, 2015 کتاب
322 صفحه
Leading with Strategic Thinking, Wiley, 2015
DRUG CALCULATIONS FOR NURSES, A step by step approach, 2016, Robert Lapham
DRUG CALCULATIONS FOR NURSES, A step by step approach, Robert Lapham
2016
مطالب
Part I: Mathematics 1
1 Basics 3
Introduction 5
Arithmetic symbols 6
Basic maths 6
Rules of arithmetic 15
Fractions and decimals 17
Roman numerals 30
Powers or exponentials 31
2 First principles 33
Sense of number and the use of calculators or formulae 33
Estimation of answers 34
The ‘one unit’ rule 35
Checking your answer – does it seem reasonable? 37
Putting it all together 38
Minimizing errors 39
3 Per cent and percentages 41
Introduction 42
Per cent and percentages 42
Converting fractions to percentages and vice versa 43
Converting decimals to percentages and vice versa 43
Calculations involving percentages 44
Drug calculations involving percentages 48
How to use the per cent key on your calculator 51
4 Units and equivalences 55
Introduction 56
SI units 56
Prefixes used in clinical practice 57
Equivalences 58
Conversion from one unit to another 59
Guide to writing units 62
5 Moles and millimoles 65
Introduction 66
What are moles and millimoles? 66
Millimoles and micromoles 67
6 Drug strengths or concentrations 73
Introduction 74
Percentage concentration 75
mg/mL concentrations 77
‘1 in …’ concentrations or ratio strengths 80
Parts per million (ppm) 81
Drugs expressed in units 83
Part II: Performing calculations 87
7 Dosage calculations 89
Introduction 90
Calculating the number of tablets or capsules required 90
Drug dosages based on patient parameters 93
Ways of expressing doses 96
Calculating drug dosages 97
Displacement values or volumes 101
Prescriber calculations 103
8 Infusion rate calculations 107
Introduction 108
Drip rate calculations (drops/min) 109
Conversion of dosages to mL/hour 112
Conversion of mL/hour back to a dose 121
Calculating the length of time for IV infusions 124
Part III: Administering medicines 129
9 Intravenous therapy and infusion devices 131
IV infusion therapy 133
Answers 140
Infusion devices 144
Infusion device classification 148
10 Action and administration of medicines 151
Action and administration of medicines 152
Introduction 153
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 154
Administration of medicines 167
Promoting the safer use of injectable medicines 175
11 Children and medicines 179
Introduction 180
Drug handling in children 181
Pharmacodynamics 183
Routes of administration of drugs 183
Practical implications 185
Useful reference books 190
Approximate values useful in the calculation of
doses in children 190
12 The elderly and medicines 193
Introduction 194
Drug handling in the elderly 194
Specific problems in the elderly 197
General principles 198
13 Sources and interpretation of drug information 201
Introduction 201
Sources of drug information 202
The internet 203
Summary of product characteristics (SPC) 204
Revision test 211
Section one: basics 211
Per cent and percentages 212
Units and equivalences 212
Drug strengths or concentrations 213
Dosage calculations 213
Infusion rate calculations 214
Compare your scores 215
Answers to problems 216
Answers to problems set in chapters 219
3. Per cent and percentages 220
4. Units and equivalences 222
5. Moles and millimoles 223
6. Drug strengths or concentrations 227
7. Dosage calculations 228
8. Infusion rate calculations 250
10. Action and administration of medicine 278
Appendices 279
1 Body surface area (BSA) estimates 281
2 Weight conversion tables 283
3 Height conversion tables 285
4 Calculation of body mass index (bmi ) 287
5 Estimation of renal function 295
6 Abbreviations used in prescriptions 297
چه کسی پنیر مرا برداشت؟ اثر اسپنسر جانسون (کتاب صوتی)
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Handbook_of_Laser_Induced_Breakdown, second edition, David Cremers, Wiley
Handbook_of_Laser_Induced_Breakdown, second edition, David Cremers, Wiley
2013
مطالب
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Atomic Optical Emission Spectrochemistry (OES) 1
1.1.1 Conventional OES 1
1.1.2 Laser OES 1
1.2 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) 2
1.3 LIBS History 1960–1980 7
1.4 LIBS History 1981–1990 9
1.5 LIBS History 1991–2000 11
1.6 LIBS History 2001–2012 14
References 18
2 Basics of the LIBS Plasma 29
2.1 LIBS Plasma Fundamentals 29
2.1.1 Spectral Lines and Line Profiles 32
2.1.2 Determining Electron Densities from Spectral Line Widths 34
2.1.3 Plasma Opacity 37
2.1.4 Temperature and Thermodynamic Equilibrium 38
2.2 Laser-Induced Breakdown 46
2.2.1 Breakdown in Gases 46
2.2.2 Post-Breakdown Phenomena in Gases 48
2.2.3 Breakdown in and on Solids, Aerosols, and Liquids 48
2.2.4 Post-Breakdown Phenomena on Solid Surfaces 50
2.3 Laser Ablation from Surfaces and Aerosols 53
2.4 Nanosecond and Femtosecond Double- or Multiple-Pulse LIBS 58
2.5 Summary 63
2.6 Problems 63
References 64
3 LIBS Apparatus Fundamentals 69
3.1 Basic LIBS Apparatus 69
3.2 Lasers 70
3.2.1 Laser Fundamentals 70
3.2.2 Types of Lasers 72
3.2.3 Properties of Laser Light Important for LIBS 76
3.2.4 Generation of Additional Wavelengths 78
3.2.5 Double-Pulse Operation 78
3.3 Optical Systems 80
3.3.1 Focusing and Light Collection 80
3.3.2 Lenses 82
3.3.3 Fiber Optic Cables 82
3.4 Methods of Spectral Resolution 86
3.4.1 Introduction 86
3.4.2 Spectral Resolution Devices 88
3.5 Detectors 102
3.6 Detection System Calibrations 109
3.6.1 Wavelength Calibration 109
3.6.2 Spectral Response Calibration 110
3.7 Timing Considerations 114
3.8 Methods of LIBS Deployment 115
3.9 Problems 117
References 118
4 LIBS Analytical Figures of Merit and Calibration 123
4.1 Introduction 123
4.2 Basics of a LIBS Measurement 123
4.3 Precision 129
4.4 Calibration 131
4.4.1 Calibration Curves 131
4.4.2 Calibration Standards 138
4.4.3 Calibration-Free LIBS 140
4.5 Detection Limit 144
4.6 Accuracy 144
4.7 Problems 146
References 148
References for Detection Limits 150
5 Qualitative LIBS Analysis 151
5.1 Introduction 151
5.2 Identifying Elements 151
5.3 Material Identification 156
5.4 Process Monitoring 159
5.4.1 Introduction 159
5.4.2 Experimental 162
5.4.3 Results 163
5.4.4 Conclusions 169
5.5 Material Sorting/Distinguishing 169
5.5.1 Surface Condition 169
5.5.2 Type of Analysis 171
5.5.3 Sorting Materials of Close Composition 173
5.5.4 Other Examples of Material Identification 174
5.6 Site Screening Using LIBS 177
5.7 Semiquantitative Analysis 178
5.8 Problems 180
References 182
6 Quantitative LIBS Analysis 185
6.1 Introduction 185
6.2 Effects of Sampling Geometry 185
6.3 Other Sampling Considerations 189
6.4 Incomplete Vaporization and Ablation Stoichiometry 193
6.5 Use of Internal Standardization 194
6.6 Chemical Matrix Effects 196
6.7 Example of LIBS Measurement: Impurities in Lithium-Containing
Solutions 198
6.7.1 Objective 198
6.7.2 Experimental 198
6.7.3 Results 201
6.7.4 Discussion of Results 205
6.8 Example of LIBS Measurement: Detection of Materials on Swipes 206
6.8.1 Objective 206
6.8.2 Experimental 206
6.8.3 Results 209
6.9 Reported Figures of Merit for LIBS Measurements and Comparison
with Standard Methods 211
6.10 Enhancing Quantitative Analysis via Sophisticated Signal Processing 219
6.11 Conclusions 220
References 221
7 Chemometric Analysis in LIBS 223
7.1 Introduction 223
7.2 Chemometric Terms 227
7.3 Chemometric Analysis/Model Development 232
7.3.1 Data Collection 232
7.3.2 Data Preprocessing: Selection of Variables 234
7.3.3 Train the Model (Calibration) 236
7.3.4 Selecting the Criteria for Classification 238
7.3.5 Test the Model (Validation) 239
7.3.6 Refine the Model Parameters 239
7.3.7 Using the Model 240
7.3.8 Improve the Training Data 241
7.4 Summary 241
References 241
8 Remote LIBS Measurements 257
8.1 Introduction 257
8.2 Conventional Open-Path LIBS 259
8.2.1 Apparatus 259
8.2.2 Focusing the Laser Pulse 260
8.2.3 Collecting the Plasma Light 264
8.2.4 Results Using Conventional Open-Path LIBS 265
8.3 Standoff LIBS Using Femtosecond Pulses 270
8.3.1 Conventional Remote LIBS Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses 270
8.3.2 Remote Analysis by Filamentation Produced by Femtosecond
Pulses 271
8.4 Fiber Optic LIBS 276
8.4.1 Fiber Optics for Light Collection 276
8.4.2 Fibers for Laser Pulse Delivery 277
8.4.3 Applications of Fiber Optics 280
References 284
9 Selected LIBS Applications 289
9.1 Introduction 289
9.2 LIBS and the CBRNE Threats 289
9.2.1 Background 289
9.2.2 Nuclear Material and Isotope Detection 291
9.2.3 Detection of Explosives 294
9.2.4 Chemical and Biological Agent Detection 295
9.3 LIBS Analysis of Liquids and Solids in Liquids 297
9.4 Transportable LIBS Instrument for Stand-off Analysis 303
9.4.1 Instrument Design 303
9.4.2 Instrument Capabilities 307
9.4.3 Consideration of Detection Scenarios 312
9.5 LIBS for Space Applications 313
9.5.1 Background 313
9.5.2 Laboratory Studies of LIBS for Space Missions 313
9.5.3 ChemCam LIBS Instrument on MSL Rover 322
References 325
A Safety Considerations in LIBS 333
B Major LIBS References 337
C Detection Limits from the Literature 341
D Examples of LIBS Spectra 377
E Solutions to Problems 387